The Asahi Shimbun. This page takes a closer look at wasabi (Japanese horseradish), a condiment originating in Japan that has influenced food culture around the world.

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Electric bicycle - Wikipedia. Pedego Trail Tracker electric bike. A mountain bike styled e- bike: a Cyclotricity Stealth. An electric bicycle, also known as an e- bike or booster bike, is a bicycle with an integrated electric motor which can be used for propulsion. There are a great variety of e- bikes available worldwide, from e- bikes that only have a small motor to assist the rider's pedal- power (i. Watch Nine To Five Putlocker#. E- bikes use rechargeable batteries and the lighter varieties can travel up to 2.

In some markets, such as Germany, they are gaining in popularity and taking some market share away from conventional bicycles,[1] while in others, such as China, they are replacing fossil fuel- powered mopeds and small motorcycles.[2][3]Depending on local laws, many e- bikes (e. E- bikes can also be defined separately and treated as a specific vehicle type in many areas of legal jurisdiction. E- bikes are the electric motor- powered versions of motorized bicycles, which have been around since the late 1. History[edit]In the 1. U. S. patents. For example, on 3. December 1. 89. 5, Ogden Bolton Jr. U. S. Patent 5. 52,2.

DC) hub motor mounted in the rear wheel.” There were no gears and the motor could draw up to 1. A) from a 1. 0- volt battery.[4]Two years later, in 1. Hosea W. Libbey of Boston invented an electric bicycle (U. S. Patent 5. 96,2. The motor was designed within the hub of the crankset axle.[5] This model was later re- invented and imitated in the late 1. Giant Lafree e- bikes.

A bike equipped with an after market electric hub motor conversion kit, with the battery pack placed on the rear carrier rack. By 1. 89. 8 a rear- wheel drive electric bicycle, which used a driving belt along the outside edge of the wheel, was patented by Mathew J.

Steffens. Also, the 1. U. S. Patent 6. 27,0. John Schnepf depicted a rear- wheel friction “roller- wheel” style drive electric bicycle.[6] Schnepf's invention was later re- examined and expanded in 1. G. A. Wood Jr. with his U.

S. Patent 3,4. 31,9. Wood’s device used 4 fractional horsepower motors; connected through a series of gears.[7]Torque sensors and power controls were developed in the late 1.

For example, Takada Yutky of Japan filed a patent in 1. In 1. 99. 2 Vector Services Limited offered and sold an e- bike dubbed Zike.[8] The bicycle included Ni. Cd batteries that were built into a frame member and included an 8. Despite the Zike, in 1. Production grew from 1.

By contrast, according to Gardner, in 1. Some of the less expensive e- bikes used bulky lead acid batteries, whereas newer models generally used Ni.

MH, Ni. Cd, and/or Li- ion batteries, which offered lighter, denser capacity batteries. Performance varies; however, in general there is an increase in range and speed with the latter battery types. By 2. 00. 1 the terms e- bike, power bike, "pedelec", pedal- assisted, and power- assisted bicycle were commonly used to refer to e- bikes.

The terms "electric motorbike" or "e- motorbike" refer to more powerful models that attain up to 8. In a parallel hybrid motorized bicycle, such as the aforementioned 1.

Hosea W. Libbey, human and motor inputs are mechanically coupled either in the bottom bracket, the rear wheel, or the front wheel, whereas in a (mechanical) series hybrid cycle, the human and motor inputs are coupled through differential gearing. In an (electronic) series hybrid cycle, human power is converted into electricity and is fed directly into the motor and mostly additional electricity is supplied from a battery. By 2. 00. 7 e- bikes were thought to make up 1. Chinese cities.[9] A typical unit requires 8 hours to charge the battery, which provides the range of 2. As of 2. 01. 7, electric bicycles sales in the United States have slowed. This is due primarily to lower gas prices.[1.

Classes[edit]. Different types of e- bikes. E- bikes are classed according to the power that their electric motor can deliver and the control system, i. Also the classification of e- bikes is complicated as much of the definition is due to legal reasons of what constitutes a bicycle and what constitutes a moped or motorcycle. As such, the classification of these e- bikes varies greatly across countries and local jurisdictions. Despite these legal complications, the classification of e- bikes is mainly decided by whether the e- bike's motor assists the rider using a pedal- assist system or by a power- on- demand one.

Definitions of these are as follows: With pedal- assist the electric motor is regulated by pedalling. The pedal- assist augments the efforts of the rider when they are pedalling. These e- bikes – called pedelecs – have a sensor to detect the pedalling speed, the pedalling force, or both. Brake activation is sensed to disable the motor as well. With power- on- demand the motor is activated by a throttle, usually handlebar- mounted just like on most motorcycles or scooters. Therefore, very broadly, e- bikes can be classed as: E- bikes with pedal- assist only: either pedelecs (legally classed as bicycles) or S- Pedelecs (often legally classed as mopeds). Pedelecs: have pedal- assist only, motor assists only up to a decent but not excessive speed (usually 2.

S- Pedelecs: have pedal- assist only, motor power can be greater than 2. E- bikes with power- on- demand and pedal- assist. E- bikes with power- on- demand only: often have more powerful motors than pedelecs but not always, the more powerful of these are legally classed as mopeds or motorcycles. Pedal- assist only[edit]E- bikes with pedal- assist only are usually called pedelecs but can be broadly classified into pedelecs proper and the more powerful S- Pedelecs. Pedelecs[edit]The term "pedelec" (from pedal electric cycle) refers to an e- bike where the pedal- assist electric drive system is limited to a decent but not excessive top speed, and where its motor is relatively low- powered. Pedelecs are legally classed as bicycles rather than low- powered motorcycles or mopeds.

The most influential definition which distinguishes which e- bikes are pedelecs and which are not, comes from the EU. From the EU directive (EN1.

An e- bike conforming to these conditions is considered to be a pedelec in the EU and is legally classed as a bicycle. The EN1. 51. 94 standard is valid across the whole of the EU and has also been adopted by some non- EU European nations and also some jurisdictions outside of Europe (such as the state of Victoria in Australia).[1. Pedelecs are much like conventional bicycles in use and function — the electric motor only provides assistance, most notably when the rider would otherwise struggle against a headwind or be going uphill. Pedelecs are therefore especially useful for people living in hilly areas where riding a bike would prove too strenuous for many to consider taking up cycling as a daily means of transport. They are also useful when it would be helpful for the riders who more generally need some assistance, e. S- Pedelecs[edit]More powerful pedelecs which are not legally classed as bicycles are dubbed S- Pedelecs (short for Schnell- Pedelecs, i.

Speedy- Pedelecs) in Germany. These have a motor more powerful than 2. S- Pedelec class e- bikes are therefore usually classified as mopeds or motorcycles rather than as bicycles and therefore may (depending on the jurisdiction) need to be registered and insured, the rider may need some sort of driver's license (either car or motorcycle) and motorcycle helmets may have to be worn.[1. Power- on- demand and pedal- assist[edit]Some e- bikes combine both pedal- assist sensors as well as a throttle.

An example of these is the e. Zee Torq[1. 4] and Adventure 2. BMEBIKES.[1. 5]Power- on- demand only[edit]Some e- bikes have an electric motor that operates on a power- on- demand basis only. In this case, the electric motor is engaged and operated manually using a throttle, which is usually on the handgrip just like the ones on a motorbike or scooter. These sorts of e- bikes often, but not always, have more powerful motors than pedelecs do.